Nuclear Non-Proliferation Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Nuclear Non-Proliferation - Essay frameworkMany theories exist on the why and how of nuclear proliferation such as classical realism and neo-realism but what is generally accepted is that the locale is external in nature. As per Fry, If a state bids for hegemony, other states willform an alliance to contain and deter the expansion-revisionist states (Fry 3). This is ground on the assumption that states seek to, maximize their power in order to survive in a competitive international system, (Ogilvie-White 44). Hence, nations who see a perceived threat to their national interests or in utmost(prenominal) cases to their very existence (as in the caser of Israel) seek to farm a nuclear deterrent since security represents the point challenge to a states survival (Ogilvie-White, 45).This theoretical debate is best exemplified by the arguments propounded by Scott D. Sagan and Kenneth N. Waltz in their book The Spread of Nuclear Weapons, A Debate (New York WW Norton and Company, 1995). This scholarly debate has two basic schools, one and only(a) that views states as unitary, rational entities and the other which feels that proliferation occurs as an outcome of organizational interests. Both views have their merits and limitations as will be expanded upon. However, it is quite apparent that given existing geo-political realities, more and more states will seek to take for granted nuclear weapon capabilities as a safeguard against nuclear blackmail. The startle school of thought, led by Kenneth Waltz are the proliferation optimists in that they feel that nuclear proliferation is not necessarily a negative outcome, and that irrelevant to popular belief, it may even have contributed to world peace. According to this theory of rational deterrence, once more than one state has acquired a second-strike efficiency, war among the nuclear armed states is unlikely to occur, due to the fact that common destruction is almost assured (Waltz 1990, 734). Waltz argues tha t near parity in nuclear weapon capability leads to a reduced probability of armed conflict on account of the prohibitive costs of waging war unacceptable levels of mutual destruction and lesser chances of miscalculation by the political leadership, since the ramifications such miscalculation would be catastrophic. This theory certainly gains some credibility when one considers that there has been no all-out war between two nuclear powers. However, Waltz qualifies this optimism by laying down certain pre-conditions that have to exist for durable deterrence. These are firstly, that there should be no preventive war while a state is growing its nuclear capability secondly, both states must develop a sufficient second-strike force to retaliate if attacked first and thirdly, the nuclear arsenals must not be prone to unauthorized or accidental use (Sagan and Waltz, 51). This prepare seems quite reasonable since nuclear wars are more likely in conditions of asymmetry, even though the asymmetry might be in terms of conventional military capability. It also reinforces the rationale of states seeking to acquire nuclear weapons capability in order to maintain the balance of power through nuclear deterrence. This would be particularly true of states which see themselves surrounded by inimical neighbors, as in the case of

Modern Translation Technology Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3000 words

Modern deracination Technology - Essay ExampleTranslation is the transfer of literal teaching from one form to a form desired by the single-valued functionr. This may include the transfer of information from one language to other or the interpretation of information from a technical form to a form that is familiar with the liquidator for example the translation of scientific and technical information to a layman language. Technology is at the nucleus of any these activities with the language translating software playing a major role in translation. With the widespread use of smartphone and other computerized resources, they are used to translate various print materials to electronic materials (Cronin 2013, p.1). The use of copyrighted materials in the various website has created controversy with the engine room enabling the access of copyrighted electronic material (Song 2011, p.58). This has led to the misdemeanor of the rights of the owners of the material. The increased d emand for translation in line with the 24hour economy has made increased application of engine room in translation is inevitable. Technology has had its toll in translation and more effects are pass judgment in the near future. Anybody can translate information, though this may lead to distortion of the original information in the process thus the need for professional translators. Therefore, non all translators are professional and not all information available in the translation software is always correct since they are all created by human beings and are likely to have errors, thus a professional translator should be consulted to ensure the correct information is passed on. Translation has, therefore, become one of the basic language skills in the contemporary world.Translation is an age-old art that has been practiced since time immemorial. The lack of recognition of translated work may have countersink a shadow on translation for a very long time until recently when techno logy started being applied in translation.

Systems anlysis Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words

Systems anlysis - Essay ExampleThis paper is dissever into two sections. In the first section it discusses about nous of sales event systems and second section presents an summary of a communication system. For this paper, I have chosen mobile communication system, which ar increasingly employ in every walk of life. Part1 Point of Sale (POS) Systems Point of Sale (or simply POS) system is widely used in retail shops or stores, normally placed at the checkout/cashier tax return in the store, or a place where such transactions can take place in this type of environment. Basically, traditional cash registers are replaced with a computerized POS terminal. However, it is a great deal more interlinking than the cash registers for the reason that the POS system can have the potency to keep track of orders placed by the customers, carry out transactions via debit and credit cards. At the present, point of sale systems have the capability to connect to other systems in a network, an d are widely used to deal with inventory. Normally, a point of sale system is based on a personal computer, which encompasses I/O devices and application-specific programs for the specific environs in which it will work. Additionally, on that point are a wide variety of POS systems which are used in different environments. The functionality and processed included with a POS system depends on the nature and functionality of the business. For instance, a point of sale system for a restaurant should contain a list of all menu items which are stored in a database. In addition, this database will be used by the POS system operator to query for entropy in many ways. In fact, a large numeral of business organizations and industries use POS terminals that have a point of sale for instance a help desk, comprising lodging, restaurants, museums, and entertainment. In the past few years there have been huge developments in the field of information technology. As the Internet is increasingly used in every walk of life in the same way, point of sale terminals is now supported done the Internet, which provide an excellent support for remote training and operations management, and keeps track of inventory all through and through geographically-dispersed locations (Rouse, 2011 POSmatic, Inc., 2013). In addition, POS terminals can be applied to physical POS software and hardware comprising however not especial(a) to touchscreen display, electronic cash register systems, barcode scanners, scales, receipt printers and pole displays. As discussed above, POS systems offer a large number of advantages for all the businesses and industries. The uses and applications of POS systems vary from business to business. Different organizations use different POS systems. In fact, at the present POS systems are used in a large number of different organizations and industries varying from hotels, restaurants and hospitality businesses, casinos, nail/ dishful salons, stadiums, and the most important area of its implementation is the retail environments. In simple words, if something can be traded for pecuniary rate a POS System can be utilized (POSmatic, Inc., 2013 Rouse, 2011). An organization can get a number of advantages of POS systems. Some of the major advantages of POS systems are outlined below Decrease Shrinkage In expectation of the fact that inventory rates and quantities can be maintained in a synchronized manner, accordingly getting an understanding of shrinkage becomes trouble free. In addition, todays point of sale systems encompasses a wide variety of functions regarding inventory and receiving. In fact, if

Rules versus discretion Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Rules versus discretion - Essay ExampleIt coiffures as a guidepost that facilitates the decision fashioning outgrowth of pot especially those in authority. In other words, it makes the information line of descent much more organized. A step by step procedure eliminates extensive discussion regarding the merits and repercussions of manner thereby saving time which is very important in emotional state threatening matters.Rules as well serve as limiting factors due to the fact that it restricts individuals from resorting to methods and actions that would prove to be too excessive. By excessive, we mean life threatening. The formulation process of establishing rules necessitates an extensive study to determine the effects of the methods on the physical and mental ensure of the suspect. This is because this move will be highly domainized and earthly concern reactions must be swayed to support the move. An realised knowledge of effects prevents any untoward incident happening to the suspect. It also minimizes the responsibility and possible litigation of those in authority who were too eager to comply to their sworn duty. Since the probable effects have been understood, the public can also rest assure that the authorities know what they are doing (i.e. less negative public reception).However, rules may become too prohibitive as the methods that may be employed may be limited due to the fact that the public would not... Remember that authority only emanates from the support of the voting public. at one time this disappears, he becomes a regular citizen prone to criticism, parodies and alienation. Thus, only certain measures are expected to be concord upon. Assuring the public that the methods do not lead to another casualty defeats the purpose as those who venture the life of others know that they will live through the ordeal. There is no need to divulge information.Ideally, the alternative of discretion provides an opportunity for the authorities to extract information faster than when rules are present. It operates on the idea that nation will be inclined to self preservation and is therefore forced to divulge information. Discretion also allows for flexibility and a wider array of methods. It also eliminates the need for approval from the higher authorities. The downside is that the measure can be excessive leading to the death of the suspect. This leads to more negative public perception, more propaganda for those who terrorize other people and inability to extract the information desired. All in all, rules are more favorable precisely because the process is more controlled and less disagreeable than a process clouded with mystery.II. Opinion Piece Terrorism has then challenged us to the core of our being. It made us question the very values that we hold dear. It made us fear of what could happen leading us to resort to preemptive strikes such as the war in Iraq. Now, we are being challenged again. Our nation is currently in turmoil as the issue of rule all over discretion regarding torture is being debated. Torture has existed since ancient times as it is used in making captives

W6 D Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

W6 D - Assignment deterrent example(UN, United Nations, n.d.) The UDHR also, incidentally, is a part of the International Bill of Human Rights, which encompasses s eeral(prenominal) other instruments that work concurrently in upholding the fundamental rights of several(prenominal)s regardless of their legal status. Within the ambit of a globalising military man, there have been several instances when nation-states, whether collectively or individually, whether by agreement or otherwise, have stepped in to resolve issues of rampant human being rights abuses in tyrannical dictatorships and in instances of racial genocides. Recent examples include the NATO interfere in Libya in 2011to dampen its long-time dictator Muammar Gaddafi from committing such atrocities the stepping in of the United Nations Peace Keeping Forces in Congo, Kosovo, Liberia and Sudan. These are just a few examples when the concept of humanitarian discussion as enshrined in the UN Charter as an exception to planetary non-intervention gained public light and scrutiny. What this means is that, as a superior general rule, nation-states are prohibited from interfering in the domestic affairs of other states, except when such an intervention is on humanitarian grounds and is justify by its objective of putting a stop to instances of rampant human rights violations occurring in the state. The evolution of this astray agreed, albeit contentious, law can be said to have been triggered by the Nazi pogroms against the Jews. The collective conscience of the world was shocked as the realization dawned on them that while an attempt was made at exterminating a hearty race of pot, other people of the world chose to look the other way. That should not be allowed to pass ever again. After it has been established with reasonable agreement amongst jurists that an individual is a subject of international law, as opposed to the object of it, the hierarchical position of importance given to its subject s faced a dynamic change. At this juncture, upholding the rights of individual attention received a great fillip at the international level, even at the expenditure of the rights of a nation-state. This can be said to be a gift of the French and American Revolutions and general enlightenment in the body of laws as to the status of individuals. While, on the one hand, slavery, discrimination and other forms of subjugating people were outlawed, states began to be tasked with a greater burden of international accountability with respect to any violations thereof (UN Criticized for victimisation Private Security Firms, n.d.). Whether or not an intervention is legitimate and in the interest of upholding international legal expert remains a question with tenuous answers. There is a wide array of justifications provided by intervening states and even more so by states that have been accused of carrying on these violations. There are assorted questions whether such an intervention has b een sanctioned by the Security Council or the General Assembly of the UN, whether such an intervention was indeed necessitated by the scale of such violations, whether a proportionate amount of force was used, and whether there comprise any ulterior motives or vested interests lying at the

Comparative Analysis of Poetry Gwendolyn Brooks WE REAL COOL & Maya Essay

Comparative Analysis of Poetry Gwendolyn Brooks WE REAL COOL & Maya Angelou phenomenal Women - Essay ExampleGwendolyn Brooks and Maya Angelou are African-American women with strong personalities. The most dominant theme in Brooks works are the impact of ethnicity and life experiences on ones view of life. Angelous, on the other hand, unremarkably center on the themes of courage, perseverance, self-acceptance, and realization of ones full potential.We Real Cool depicts the climactic end of the battle of septenary school dropouts and their struggles with personal identity. In this poem, Brooks speaks and feels for the septenary school drop outs and sees the world through their eyes. The untied young men, though seemingly not concerned of their situation, as described in the first seven lines eventually turned out to have known the consequence of their actions.At first, it seems like it is inadvertent, even an vulnerable revelation but I think that both the poet and her hooligan narr ator realize that the threat of finish in the streets is an ever-present part of what makes life on the streets worthwhile. Its what gives that life vitality.1 There is no dissolution in the part of the writer and the reference books. The writer speaks on behalf of the seven school drop outs. Perhaps, even public opinion the uncertainties in their actions camouflaged by being cool. Emphasizing its tragic effect in the last line, let out Soon.Phenomenal Wo human beings, on the other hand, describes a self-assured cleaning woman who has fully realized her self-worth that both sexes graceful women and men did not fail to notice her existence. The words Maya Angelou uses show that the character is conscious of her actions and is in core control of the situation.There are no hesitancies on the part portrayed by the phenomenal woman in the poem. Only a self-assured person. Notice the emphasis on the word person. The character becomes phenomenal not because she IS a woman but simpl y because she has a full grasp of what she is and what she is not. A person created with equal importance with man. Not of lesser quality that she should worship him nor above him that she should lord oer him, but a person that would complete the all of creation. For what is a woman, without a man and a man without a woman..In conclusion, these works present the following 1) male-female differences through the eyes of a woman 2) use rhythmic rhyming scheme with 3) pleasant tone ( lyrical a feeling of dancing Angelous smooth, brooks short but strong) in the use of 4) informal language (simple, crisp and powerful) which 5) appeals to the emotion (both are written base on what the writers feel) portraying the characters linked with a woman.The camouflage that a first

The Voice of Marvin Puryear Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

The Voice of Marvin Puryear - probe ExamplePuryear draws on his direct experiences. He has a fascination with music and archery. His way of expressing those interests was non to gauge to sport, but to create the object glass of the sport itself. For example, he notes If I became interested in archery, I make the bows and arrows if I became interested in music, I made the guitar (Benezra 140). Again, this statement by Puryear reinforces the premise that his sculptures are not the result of hard line education. If they were, then he would have mastered playing the instrument or the sport of archery rather than creating his own original vessel. The deception that can only be called Puryear is his ability to espouse the simple concept (Such as the Old Mole) and craft a vision without all of the trendy accoutrements that we go across so often in modern art today. This too is the result of his emotional reaction to that which he experienced, rather than the formal education he receiv ed. Another example of what I view as a reactive piece is Untitled. The body of the object is open, free and seemingly transparent. However the face of the object appears to have the expression of recovering from a horrid event, yet knowing that there is still more. exactly stated, the face is heavy, as if carrying some sort of burden, while the body is completely unaffected. This too demonstrates pure emotion. As the saying goes I can tell by your face something is wrong.In conclusion, a review of Marvin Puryears pieces, demonstrate that interpretation can be found in emotion.

Psychological knowledge or research Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Psychological knowledge or research - Essay ExamplePolitical psychology is relevant to this article as it is an interdisciplinary field of study which touched on areas of cognition, communication, emotion and the human mind. This particular filed of study is certainly at work in most or all of the news reports and media that we view. The author of this particular article really does not affiance a heavy power of persuasion or even emotion thereby slightly losing her readers heed or emotional response. Deeper and more thorough analysis of this article may in fact retrovert a psychological media tactic actin within this article.In a different and unrelated article from the scratch Tribune, Bonnie Miller and Ashley Wiehle note the cocktail dress of a particular woman who suffered for years with an alimentation disorder. Her envisage is present with the article as is the fact that her recovery cost her family $100,000. The fact that the authors placed a deliver of the now healthy Traub in order for their readers to view her as a real person. When we are competent to rest our eyes on the tangibility of human suffering, we are that much more likely to actively empathize with that individual as an entity and not just a disembodied name or case study. Certainly, the article raises interesting points that spark the interest of the reader. This includes the amount of money spent on treatment for an eating disorder as well as how blatantly necessary treatment is to those suffering with an eating disorder. The authors too provide quantitative data such as Traubs morbidly low weight of slight than 100 lbs and the startling amount of money required for treatment. This truly allows the reader to ponder things such as what Traub must have looked like prior to treatment. The reader can also better appreciate the get down of treating an eating disorder when insurance has in the past, never covered treatment for Anorexia and Bulimia.The authors list

One-child policy in china Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

One- baby bird insurance polity in china - Research Paper ExampleTherefore, no family was expected to illicitly put 1 across a second child after 1979 when peerless-child policy was introduced, precisely the minority women are allowed to have a second child (Li, Yi and Zhang 1537). For the past few years in some Chinese cities, couples in particular who are both single children in their homes, that is, have no siblings, have been given a lot of having a second child. Chinas national fertility reduced especially in previous(predicate) 1990s after women were instructed to have only one child (Cai 419). This paper provides a very careful discussion on the one-child policy in China by exploring what the policy entails, and evaluating its possible effects to individuals and the giving medication at large. The one-child policy in China today is because of the countrys historical development and overly a product of the changing population policies created by the Chinese governm ent (Sun and Zhangling 317). A report by Chinese Health Ministry revealed that about 336 million abortions and 222 million sterilizations had been carried out since the implementation of one child policy.In addition, the ministry of health admits that Chinese doctors conduct over 330m abortions over the forty years since the inception of this policy (Alton 114). One-child policy has become a national policy in China and it promotes late marriage, fewer and healthier births (Su and macer 18). More so, it drastically reduced Chinas fertility rate after the major treat booms of the previous years (Zhan 53). One child policy has been strictly enforced, for instance, the couples who flout the rules possibly face cloggy fines, lose their property or even their jobs, and in most cases, going against this policy would call for unaffordable fines. The main goal of this policy was to convince tribe to understand the advantages of adoption the one-child families but again, those who failed to abide with the new jurisprudence were punished accordingly (Pascu 104). Some people suggested that, one child policy would be adjusted and limited gradually to promote long-term balanced development of the population in China, and it is obvious that China ceremonious its one child policy in order to curb rapid population growth. However, some leading are afraid that this policy increases the growth of the ageing population that is likely to reduce labor consortium and eliminate elderly care issues. As time goes by, Mao Zedong implemented a one-child policy in China to reduce the birth rate further (Von 4). Chinas population control policy, one child policy, was introduced in 1979 to curb rapid population growth (BBC News) and to promote economic growth, but this policy has created economic and cultural challenges. At this time, Chinese government was convinced that controlling population would help in alleviating its social, economic as well as environmental problems. Chines e government declared its one child, one couple and this way, it managed to aid economic expansion, and curbing population growth (Nakra 134). Before the introduction of this policy, Chinese of import government had introduced the government policy to manage population and was only implemented in the rural areas, but the implementation of one-child policy was extended even in urban areas. In addition, ethnic minorities, disabled people and couples who both lack siblings are also given the option of having two children. Report shows that one child policy

Theoretical Perspective Dissertation Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Theoretical Perspective - Dissertation ExampleChristensen, a Harvard Business School professor. He perceived technologies as f everying into two categories, namely sustaining and disruptive. Sustaining applied science was viewed as small additional improvements to engineering science that already exists. Disruptive technology is generally lacking in refinement but given condemnation to develop, they in time replace the technology that is currently prevailing. The implications for business are significant if their products fall deep down the scope of the existing technology, since the disruptive technology is not immediately manifest and there is a attempt that they may be rendered obsolete and lose their competitiveness (Kuzma & Priest, 2010). Technology adoption Model The Technology Acceptance Model (TAM) is a theory that tries to describe the internal process undertaken by users in deciding to cause and use a new technology. Developed by Fred Davis in 1989, the TAM is curren tly gaining popularity among researchers exceptionally in the field of information systems (IS) development. Presently, not many lay people are aware of nanotechnology, and those who are adhesion it as too unfamiliar and are therefore suspicious of it. The diagram following shows how TAM perceives the technology acceptance process. In this model, perceived usefulness is the extent to which a potential user believes that a particular technology would be advantageous to him or her, while perceived ease of use is the extent to which a potential user believes that use of a particular system would be effortless or liberal (Davis, 1989). Technology Acceptance Model http//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/FileTechnology_Acceptance_Model.png Sociopolitical modernization and postmodernization Modernization and postmodernization refer to the process of social change. The innovation of modernization views economic, social and political development to be linked in a coherent manner, and that all societ ies that undergo modernization tend to follow a consistent path. Researchers note that almost all societies that sift an advances state of development experience a shift from modern goals of economic and physical security, to post-modern values that try quality of life and self-expression. The development of nanotechnology, because of the enhancement of human lifestyle of which it is capable, will be viewed in damage of post-modernization (Ghazinoory & Ghazinouri, 2009). diffusion of Innovation The diffusion of innovation theory is the model by which innovation is thought to be communicated by means of channels over time among the members of a social system. In this model, an innovation may be an idea, practice, or object which the social system views as new, and diffusion is the particular type of communication through which the message associated with the innovation is passed through the system. Diffusion of innovation is comprised of four elements, namely the innovation, comm unication channels, time, and the social system. The Diffusion of Innovation model is shown below (Rogers, 1997) Biomedical Ethics One of the most contentious theories that nanotechnology may channel to be entangled in is that of biomedical ethics or bioethics. The reason is that much of nanotechnology applications are in the sphere of medicine, where one of the more exciting prospects is the use of nanotechnology for the cure of cancer. Biomedical ethics concerns itself with the

Critical review Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

Critical review - Essay ExampleThe article by Yeong and Ngee (2014) has tried to rule out a clear distinction between the definitions of culture, organizational culture and the organizational climate. The article has explained that the culture is a set of belief and norms that are learnt and shared among a group of individuals in close proximity. The organizational culture on the other hand is the practices or trends followed by the employees and staffs of a particular organization. Just the likes of culture varies across different countries and regions, the organizational culture also varies across different organizations or industries. In the light of organizational culture, it has been mentioned that the organizational practices are dynamic in nature and often changes under the lure of new comers. It has been mentioned that a new comer coming from a particular organization brings certain ethnic traits, which gets infused with the culture of the current organization thereby mak ing certain changes in it. In this context Turker and Altuntas (2015) create mentioned in their article regarding the impact on the new comer of the organizational culture which he has been of late exposed to.Yeong and Ngee (2014) have highlighted on the influence of the new comer on the organizational practices, where he mentioned that the old organizational culture of the individual is brought by him in the new organization. On the other hand, Turker and Altuntas (2015) have discussed closely the impact of the new organizational culture on the perception of the new comers. Thus it can be stated that both the articles have discussed orgazanitions culture, but has portrayed different perspective of its relationship with the new comers. Moreover, in the article of Yeong and Ngee (2014) it has been clearly mentioned the difference between the definitions of culture and organizational culture and at the

Strategic Change Management Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3750 words

Strategic mixture Management - Research Paper ExampleThe intention of this study is strategic management as ace of the most beta aspects of business behavior because it is goals-oriented management that ensures that the major goals and objectives of an organization be clearly outlined. Furthermore, such well-outlined goals argon realistic, achievable and measurable. If an organization is managed strategically, steps that have already been interpreted to reach the goals are cautiously evaluated to make sure that they have been carried out in the most efficient manner possible, and that they are in line with the overall goals of the company. Such strategic planning and, thus, business scheme is one of the key factors that stooge ensure organizational excellence. Strategic management, which starts with strategic planning, is to help companies in clarifying and arranging their goals and strategies, so that such goals are effective considering the available resources and existing business environment. It is especially important in situations when organizations have to enroll changes. Strategic change involves designing and controlling the process of shifting organizational vision, mission, objectives and strategy to new ones. In case a company has to introduce changes to its operations, the first-class honours degree thing to accomplish is to develop a strategy of further operations of the organization. This strategy will, then, be a basis for all strategic solutions and actions to be taken in order to implement change successfully. The companys mission, objectives and goals are to be redefined in the first place in order for management to have a clear vision of what particular changes are to be implemented. Change is given the opportunity to occur when three elements are in place concurrently dissatisfaction with the present situation, a compelling vision of how the change will create a better future and first steps for reaching the vision. However, in order to understand how to manage change strategically and effectively, it is important to understand the very process of change management. Carsons change life cycle Carson and his colleagues (1999) present an instructive model of change life cycle and outline several stages of the change management process. They are invention, acceptance, disillusion and decline. It is pointed out that invention and acceptance stages of Carson et als change life cycle model are the most important ones, because effective implementation of

THE ROLE OF CONTROLLED DRUG RELEASE IN CANCER THERAPEUTICS Essay

THE ROLE OF CONTROLLED DRUG RELEASE IN CANCER THERAPEUTICS - Essay ExampleCancer is cognise to develop when a gene mutation occurs in the oncogene and suppressor genes. The cell becomes incapable of repairing its disgraced desoxyribonucleic acid and undergoes programmed cell death (Castro 2011, p.12). The cells continue to grow resulting in accumulation of many ab everyday cells. These tumors argon able to invade the nearby healthy tissues making them cancerous also. Some of the common cancers in the human being are liver, lung, prostate, cervix, skin, breast and others. Therefore, there are many types of cancer depending on the organ attacked (Melancon, Zhou and Li 2011, p.12). Cancer has the capability of spreading to other body parts through and through blood and lymphatic systems. It should be noned that not all tumours are cancerous. For example benign tumours neither invade the neighbouring cells nor spread through the lymphatic or blood systems (Horcajada, Serre, Ferey, Couvreur and Gref 2011, p.102). When cancer is able to spread to other body parts successfully, the edge is called metastasis. Scientists research reported in Nature Communications (October, 2012) that spread of cancer is facilitated by the adhesive properties of cancer. unique(predicate) molecular interactions between cells and the extracellular matrix cause them to become unstuck at the original tumour site. Many drugs learn been formulated in treatment of cancer. However, the effectiveness of these drugs is not as expected since they have serious side effects to the users. The effectiveness of these drugs is being hindered by the hydrophobic nature of these drugs. Therefore, development and coating of nanotechnology is one of the solutions to these blockages. (Gubin, 2009, p. 54). Multi Drug Resistance This leads to most of the drugs to have little efficacy unless used in big doses which will in turn lead to toxic side effects. The main problem in cancer treatment is the mul ti-drug resistance of the cancerous cells to chemotherapeutics. This is due to the over expression of the Adenosine Triphosphate (ATP)dependent efflux pump called P-glycoprotein which pumps drugs out of the cells body. outlet of P53 genes that promotes cell apoptosis, over-expression of bd-z genes that blocks cell death, reduced drug uptake due to damage of foliate carriers, and increased DNA repair (Dass and Choong 2008, p.21). Liposomes Liposome is an artificial vesicle with an aqueous space into which drugs are inserted (Jain, Das, Swarnakar and Jain 2011, p.37). They have the ability to repoint cancer cells. They are being used as vehicles for drug administration. The tight junctions in the endothelium cells do not allow movement of large molecules like liposome out of the blood vessel in a normal cell (Yoshikawa, Okada and Nakagawa 2007, p.33). On the other hand tumour cells have hyper-permeability in their endothelial cells due to a physiological defect hence they allow pene tration of liposomes inside them (Natalya, R., Zhonggao, G. And Anne, K. 200). Anti-cancer drugs are being coated with these liposomes creating a reservoir in the blood system. On detection of a cancerous cell, the liposome extravasates from these leaky blood vessels, and accumulates in the tumours and kills the cancerous cel

Emplyment interviews Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words - 1

Emplyment interviews - Essay ExampleThe main disadvantages ar high cost and lack of anonymity. Still, this type of interviews is crucial for rearive recruitment because it allows certain standardization of description. To effect the standardization and control for which procedures are designed, they are presented in a specific format conveying training for a particular action to be taken (Sammar et al 2009).The second type is a incorporate interview. During this interview, the action may be only one step in a series of step or the entire series. Once formalized in this manner, procedures need to be followed explicitly to achieve their objectives. hence the rigidity of bureaucracy. Sometimes exceptions may be made to a formalized procedure, but in that study the manner of making an exception is also formalized. In a systems context, a procedure is like a hard-wired circuit. It ensures predictability. The main advantages are high reliability and direct of control. The main disa dvantage is a law level of personal involvement of an interviewer. The third type is behavioral interviews. Much of the workers knowledge is conscious, obtained in schools, training, and / or on the job. But much of it is also subconscious, a distillation of experience in which personal solutions to problems encountered in the guide of the workday may or may not have worked. The main advantages are the possibility to vizor attitudes and accurate reflection. The main disadvantage is subjectivity (influenced by age, income level, race, etc.).The forth type is situation interview. The environment created within the focus group is one in which the conscious knowledge of the participants comes together, and insights are expressed that may be new or may have only existed under the surface. As he or she leads the workshop, an emergent pride is evidenced by the participants in the interview analysis they use to do their jobs to the standards required for woodland

Intelligence Analysis Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words - 2

Intelligence Analysis - Assignment ExampleFast forward, Hamid Aboutalebi is the proposed Iran ambassador to the U. N. A suggestion vehemently opposed by the U. S. This is amid the looming high level and sensitive nuclear talks between Iran and the half a dozen major powers.The current appointment of one Hamid Aboutalebi as the Iranian ambassador to the U. N. has elicited mixed views on whether he should be allowed a U.S. visa amid allegations of his role in the hostage crisis of 1979 (Shawn, One time hostage of Iranian militants urges denial of visa to new Iran envoy involved in siege). One of the hostages taken then, Barry Rosen has been birdsong against his appointment. Jakes, (US Troubled by Irans Choice of Its UN Ambassador) reports that the U.S. objected to this anticipated appointment. However it is evident that the Obama administration does not pauperism to state its stance on the issues instead choosing to remain silent. This issue comes up even as smart level nuclear talks slated for Thursday are set to go ahead. The talks shall be held from April 3 6 in Vienna with a view of asking Iran to scale back its nuclear architectural plan to ensure it is of peaceful nature (Qing, ed., Iran, powers to start expert level nuclear talks

Chinese investment in the extractive sectors in Africa (methods, Research Paper

Chinese enthronement in the extractive sectors in Africa (methods, profitability, and deal flow) - Research Paper Exampleate resources through tin to African governances on one side and the empowerment of Chinese mining and exploration companies working in Africa (Rotberg 152). The Chinese government maintains close ties with African governments on the political, economic, human resource and security development of these nations (Dubosse 70). Politically, the country sends high aim delegations to meet leaders on the African continent and by this, they maintain strong ties with high-level Chinese government units. Economically, china promotes trade , investment and the development of infrastructure on the continent for the mutual benefits of china and Africa. Human Resource Development is done in the form of scholarship for some selected Africans to study in china and former(a) parts of the world and likewise through grants and scholarships for African students. In terms of p ink of my John and security, China provides support for various national militaries and also contribute immensely to peacekeeping operations on the continent. Collectively, these strategies and systems allow Chinese businesses to get contracts in the energy and mining sectors of various African countries. The China-Africa Development gunstock The China-Africa Development Fund (CADF) was officially launched in June 2007 as a branch of the China Development depose to act as an investment facilitation vehicle for the Chinese expansion to Africa (CADF Website). According to the official website of the CADF, the equity memory board is to provide loans and funds to Chinese businesses operating in Africa and since its inception, it has supported more extractive drives than any other sector. either loan or funds released by the CADF must have a good justification as being beneficial to the State and it is guaranteed by the Chinese government (Taylor... The author of the essay Chinese in vestment in the extractive sectors in Africa begins with that Sino-African relations were taken to a different level in 2006 when the government of China announced a wide range of co-operation activities between China and Africa including political, economic, education, culture, health as well as military co-operations (Meine 184). The main document of the 2006 China-Africa Co-operation conference attended by 46 African leaders tell that peace and development remain the main theams of our time. It therefore took the initiative to support African economies to contact this end.The government promised to do this by supporting local African nations in their development projects. This is complemented by support to Chinese enterprises to trade in Africa and provide preferencial loans and buyers credits to these traders.In the end the author concludes that Chinese allure is growing in Africa, particularly the mining sector because China uses political, economic, cultural and military ai d to execute a symbiotic relationship for African countries and Chinese-African enterprises. This makes African nations willing recipients of Chinese investors. Chinese businesses are also supported by the China-Africa Development Fund which is a tool for the support of the Chinese expansion to Africa. China has major deal with Central and Southern African countries with copper deposits as well as other petroleum exporting countries. This contributes a lot of money to the Chinese economy.

The upper and even middle class Essay Example for Free

The upper and make up middle house EssayEver since the beginning of civilization, there has been a difference in economic and social, creating two transgress partitiones. The wealthier and educated made up the upper status of ball club making up what is today called upper class. The poor and uneducated made up the mountain which were often looked down upon by the upper class, and nowadays make up what is considered commence class. This was true in the earliest clippings of the bible, through the Renaissance time period and even to today. It is nearly impossible for the lower class to become higher class, much little middle class, without being provided a full education by the higher classes.Why elicit these throng of lower class never achieve crossing the class boundary? Most of lower class does not have an education. Therefore their opportunities for having profitable and non-dead-end jobs are nearly impossible by all standards. Because of their lower education, t heir job selection is limited to mostly manual labor, where overcompensate is minimal, at best. Due to their low-paying salaries, a goodly college education is usually completely out of the question for their children.College is too much money and they got along okay without a college education, which is sometimes the case, but severely limits future opportunities for their children. Lower class is a vicious cycle. These people represent the people in the cave which dismiss only see the shadows of what is happening around them. They are never allowed out to see the light of a true education, and have to remain in the swart all of their lives. The upper and even middle class, which usually has a good education, have the duty to institute the lower class the light and to get these people out of the shadows for good.This can and is being done unexpectedly to help the uneducated by providing scholarships, but for the most part no one is doing anything to help the little fortunat e. Unfortunately, today has a very everyone for themselves attitude. Give a man a fish, and you feed him for a day. pick up a man to fish, and you feed him for life. We need to be concerned for their future, if no one else is, because their future depends only when on their education. We need to make it our goal as a society to educate the uneducated. If everyone is educated accordingly there is equal opportunity and pay therefore eliminating social class.If the enlightened educated class can just come into the cave, relate with the people, and then genuinely show them the light, rather than telling them what to do, we can actually make a positive difference and make the lives of a lower class citizen much easier. The easiest declaration to this problem is to effect a utopian society, but those are bound to fail before even being attempted. A utopian society would completely obliterate the class system, because everyone would receive equal pay and equal education, or at least opportunity for education.The best suggestion that is plausible and possible is to create countless scholarships. It would be just like the armed forces education is free but a sure amount of service is demanded in return. Even though everyone does not have money, everyone has time. All education can be provided by the state and the jobs, needed by the state, can be filled by the calibrated students. This can potentially give an education to everyone and keep the jobs needed. It is a win-win situation. If someone could just show society and our leaders the light.

Hebrew Wisdom Essay Example for Free

Hebrew Wisdom EssayThe book of Proverbs can be very recyclable to its readers when in need of immaterialness or helpful insight. Everyday people are forced to apply life choicesgood or bad. The book of Proverbs covers various issues and topics that can be found useful when devising any decision. Whether it is an issue of marriage, sexuality, wealth, poverty, guarding the tongue, dealing with emotions, or many more, Proverbs paints a vivid picture of what both the ripe path and the wrong path have in store. The book of Proverbs presents a vivid separate in the midst of the life of learning and the life of folly (Hindson and Yates 263). Proverbs is Gods manual to His people on how to snuff it a life that is pleasing to Him. passim the book of Proverbs, readers allow see the talking to diligence and indolence multiple times. These words correspond with the contrast between wisdom and folly because diligence is the extend of wisdom and laziness is the result of folly .Towards the beginning of the book of Proverbs one verse in particular tells its readers clearly where the answer of gaining wisdom and diligence is at The fear of the Lord is the beginning of knowledge, unless fools despise wisdom and topic (New International Version, Prov. 1.7). All wisdom comes from fearing the Lord. This type of fear is non a fear of terror but rather a fear of awe and reverence. By having a respect for God, His children should want to please Him, which would result in considering the outcome in every decision organism made. When people make wise choices it results in diligence, peace of mind, wealth (literally or spiritually), and gaining more knowledge. In contrast, foolish decisions bring about destruction, fear, laziness, and much more.Throughout Proverbs readers leave alone repeatedly see warnings against laziness and rewards for diligence Diligent hands leave behind rule, but laziness ends in slave labor (Prov. 12.24). There is a theme throughout Prov erbs repeatedly stating the benefits of diligence and the consequences of laziness. Theseprinciples standoff into wisdom and folly because when being wise, people will be wise with their time and are on the path to be continually growing in themselves and in the Lord. The reward in being energetic is an overflow of blessings The blessings of the Lord brings wealth, and he adds no trouble to it (Prov. 10.22). When being foolish people do not recognize the preciousness of time. In being selfish, they do not understand that their lack of action affects othersor they do not seem to care. When not walking with God and depending on our own abilities and understanding, people will miss out on the rewards of diligence. He who trusts in himself is a fool, but he who walks in wisdom is kept safe (Prov. 28.26).When reading the book of Proverbs, readers will find the book to be overflowing with wise instructions on how to live a life that glorifies God. Big or small, Proverbs offers many wise words and teachings for every situation people walk through in life. Whatever circumstance someone is red through the book of Proverbs gives helpful insight on how to wisely navigate life. Throughout the book of Proverbs readers will see a pattern of the rewards that diligence reaps and the natural consequences one must face when being lazy. This compares to the contrast between wisdom and folly in that when being wise in all one does, in that respect will be a multitude of blessings and rewards. Get wisdom, discipline and understanding (Prov. 23.23b). Just like when being lazy, when one is foolish there will be some unpleasant consequences in hopes that a lesson will be learned the next time around. A wise man fears the Lord and shuns evil, but a fool is hotheaded and reckless (Prov. 14.16).Works CitedHindson, Ed, and Gary, Yates. The Essence of the Old Testament A Survey. Nashville BH print Group, n.d. Print.New International Version. Grand Rapids Zondervan, n.d. Print.

Alexander Popes the Rape of the Lock Essay Example for Free

Alexander pontiffs the snipe of the Lock EssayThe Rape of the Lock begins with a pass age outlining the subject of the poem and invoking the aid of the muse. so the sun (Sol) appears to initiate the leisurely morning routines of a wealthy household. Lapdogs shake themselves awake, bells begin to ring, and although it is already noon, Belinda still sleeps. She has been dreaming, and we learn that her guardian Sylph, Ariel, has sent the dream. The dream is of a hand intimately jejuneness who tells her that she is protected by unnumbered Spiritsan force of supernatural beings who once lived on earth as human women. The youth explains that they be the imperceptible guardians of womens chastity, although the credit is usually mistakenly given to Honor quite a than to their manufacturing business stewardship. Of these Spirits, hotshot particular(a) groupthe Sylphs, who dwell in the airserve as Belindas in-person guardians they ar devoted, venerater- give c ar, to any wo man that rejects mankind, and they understand and reward the vanities of an elegant and frivolous lady like Belinda.Ariel, the capitulum of all Belindas puckish protectors, warns her in the dream that some(a) dread so fart is going to materialise her that day, though he f seal in tell her nothing to a greater extent(prenominal) specific than that she should bew are of Man and then Belinda awakes, to the licking tongue of her lapdog, Shock. Upon the delivery of a billet-doux, or love-letter, she forgets all about the dream. She then proceeds to her fecundation board and goes through an elaborate ritual of laying, in which her own send off in the mirror is set forth as a promised landly image, a goddess. The Sylphs, unseen, assist their charge as she prepares herself for the days activities. descriptionThe opening of the poem establishes its mock- high-flown style. pontiff introduces the conventional epic subjects of love and war and includes an invocation to the muse an d a dedication to the man (the historical John Caryll) who commissi unrivalledd the poem. Yet the tone already indicates that the high distressfulness of these traditional topics has suffered a diminishment. The second line confirms in explicit price what the first line already suggests the amrous causes the poem describes are not comparable to the grand loveof Greek heroes besides or else represent a trivialized version of that emotion. The contests pontiff alludes to will prove to be mighty only in an ironic m other wit. They are humor- posts and flirtatious tussles, not the great involvements of epic tradition. Belinda is not, like Helen of Troy, the face that launched a gee ships (see the SparkNote on The Iliad), but instead a face thatalthough also beautifulprompts a lot of foppish nonsense.The first two verse-paragraphs emphasize the comic inappropriateness of the epic style (and corresponding mind-set) to the subject at hand. Pope achieves this discrepancy at the level of the line and half-line the reader is meant to dwell on the incompatibility between the two sides of his parallel formulations. Thus, in this world, it is little men who in tasks so bold engage and kookie bosoms are the dwelling-place for mighty rage. In this startling juxtaposition of the petty and the grand, the former is real enchantment the latter(prenominal) is ironic. In mock epic, the high heroic style works not to dignify the subject but quite to expose and ridicule it. Therefore, the sanctioned irony of the style supports the substance of the poems satire, which attacks the misdirect determine of a bon ton that takes small matters for serious ones while failing to attend to issues of genuine importance. With Belindas dream, Pope introduces the machinery of the poemthe supernatural powers that influence the action from behind the scenes.Here, the sprites that watch over Belinda are meant to mimic the gods of the Greek and Roman traditions, who are sometimes b enevolent and sometimes malicious, but al right smarts closely involved in earthly in timets. The scheme also makes use of other ancient hierarchies and systems of order. Ariel explains that womens spirits, when they break-dance, harvesting to their first Elements. Each female personality type (these types correspond to the four humours) is converted into a particular kind of sprite. These gnomes, sylphs, salamanders, and nymphs, in turn, are associated with the four elements of earth, air, fire, and water. The airy sylphs are those who in their lifetimes were light Coquettes they have a particular concern for Belinda because she is of this type, and this will be the aspect of feminine nature with which the poem is most concerned. Indeed, Pope already begins to sketch this character of the coquette in this initial canto. He draws the portrait indirectly, through characteristics of the Sylphs rather than of Belinda herself.Their priorities reveal that the central concerns ofwoman hood, at least(prenominal) for women of Belindas class, are friendly ones. Womans rejoicing in gilded Chariots indicates an obsession with pomp and superficial splendor, while love of Ombre, a fashionable card game, suggests frivolity. The erotic charge of this social world in turn prompts other central concern the resistance of chastity. These are women who value above all the prospect marrying to advantage, and they have learned at an early age how to promote themselves and manipulate their suitors without compromising themselves. The Sylphs pop off an legend for the mannered conventions that govern female social behavior. Principles like honor and chastity have become no more(prenominal) than another part of conventional interaction.Pope makes it clear that these women are not conducting themselves on the basis of abstract moral principles, but are governed by an elaborate social mechanismof which the Sylphs sleep with a fitting caricature. And while Popes technique of e mploying supernatural machinery allows him to critique this situation, it also helps to keep the satire light and to exonerate individual women from too severe a judgment. If Belinda has all the typical female foibles, Pope wants us to recognize that it is partly because she has been educated and deft to act in this focussing. The society as a whole is as much to blame as she is. Nor are men exempt from this judgment. The competition among the young lords for the attention of beautiful ladies is depicted as a battle of vanity, as wigs with wigs, with sword-knots sword-knots strive.Popes verbiages here expose an absurd attention to exhibitions of pride and ostentation. He emphasizes the inanity of discriminating so closely between things and people that are essentially the alike(p) in all important (and even most unimportant) respects. Popes portrayal of Belinda at her dressing table introduces mock-heroic motifs that will run through the poem. The scene of her toilette is rende red first as a religious sacrament, in which Belinda herself is the priestess and her image in the looking glass is the Goddess she serves. This parody of the religious rites before a battle gives way, then, to another kind of mock-epic scene, that of the ritualized arming of the hero. Combs, pins, and cosmetics take the place of weapons as awful Beauty puts on all its arms.Canto 2 drumheadBelinda, rivaling the sun in her radiance, sets out by boat on the river Thames for Hampton Court Palace. She is accompanied by a party of glitzy ladies (Nymphs) and gentlemen, but is far and away the most striking member of the group. Popes description of her charms includes the sparkling Cross she wore on her white breast, her quick look and lively looks, and the easy clemency with which she bestows her smiles and attentions evenly among all the adoring guests. Her crowning glories, though, are the two ringlets that dangle on her ivry neck. These curls are describe as loves labyrinths, specifi cally designed to tack together any poor heart who might get entangled in them.One of the young gentlemen on the boat, the exponent, particularly prises Belindas locks, and has unflinching to steal them for himself. We read that he rose early that morning to build an altar to love and commune for success in this project. He sacrificed several tokens of his former affections, including garters, gloves, and billet-doux (love-letters). He then prostrated himself before a funeral pyre built with all the trophies of his former loves, fanning its flames with his amrous sighs. The gods itemizationened to his prayer but decided to grant only half of it. As the pleasure-boat continues on its way, everyone is carefree except Ariel, who remembers that some bad event has been foretold for the day. He summons an army of sylphs, who assemble around him in their iridescent beauty.He reminds them with great ceremony that one of their duties, after rule celestial bodies and the weather and gu arding the British monarch, is to tend the Fair to keep watch over ladies powders, perfumes, curls, and clothing, and to assist their blushes, and embolden their airs. Therefore, since some dire disaster threatens Belinda, Ariel assigns her an all-embracing troop of bodyguards. Brillante is to guard her earrings, Momentilla her watch, and Crispissa her locks. Ariel himself will protect Shock, the lapdog. A caboodle of fifty Sylphs will guard the all-important petticoat. Ariel pronounces that any sylph who neglects his assigned duty will be heavily punished. They disperse to their posts and wait for fate to unfold. commentFrom the first, Pope describes Belindas beauty as something divine, an assessment which she herself corroborates in the first canto when shecreates, at least metaphorically, an altar to her own image. This praise is certainly in some sense ironical, reflecting negatively on a system of public values in which external characteristics rank high than moral or inte llectual ones. But Pope also shows a real reverence for his heroines physical and social charms, claiming in lines 1718 that these are compelling enough to cause one to forget her female errors. Certainly he has some interest in flattering Arabella Fermor, the real-life woman on whom Belinda is based in order for his poem to achieve the desired reconciliation, it must not offend (see mise en scene. Pope also exhibits his delay for the ways in which physical beauty is an art form he recognizes, with a mixture of censure and awe, the fact that Belindas legendary locks of hair, which appear so natural and spontaneous, are actually a carefully contrived effect.In this, the mysteries of the ladys dressing table are akin, perhaps, to Popes own literary art, which he describes elsewhere as nature to advantage dressd. If the secret mechanisms and techniques of female beauty get at least a passing nod of appreciation from the author, he nevertheless suggests that the general human readines s to worship beauty amounts to a kind of sacrilege. The frustrate that Belinda wears around her neck serves a more or mentionntal than symbolic or religious function. Because of this, he says, it can be adored by Jews and Infidels as readily as by Christians. And there is some equivocalness about whether any of the admirers are really valuing the cross itself, or the white breast on which it liesor the felicitous effect of the whole. The index, of course, is the most significant of those who worship at the altar of Belindas beauty. The ritual sacrifices he performs in the pre-dawn hours are another mock-heroic element of the poem, mimicking the epic tradition of sacrificing to the gods before an important battle or journey, and drapes his project with an absurdly grand import that actually only exposes its triviality.The fact that he discards all his other love tokens in these preparations reveals his capriciousness as a lover. Earnest prayer, in this parodic scene, is replaced by the self-indulgent sighs of the lover. By having the gods grant only half of what the Baron asks, Pope alludes to the epic convention by which the favor of the gods is only a mixed blessing in epic poems, to win the sponsorship of one god is to incur the peevishness of another divine gifts, such as immortality, can seem a blessing but become acurse. Yet in this poem, the ramifications of a prayer half granted are negligible rather than tragic it merely means that he will manage to steal just one lock rather than some(prenominal) of them. In the first canto, the religious imagery surrounding Belindas grooming rituals gave way to a militaristic conceit. Here, the same pattern holds. Her curls are compared to a trap perfectly calibrated to ensnare the enemy. Yet the character of female coyness is such that it seeks simultaneously to attract and repel, so that the counterpart to the stimulate ringlets is the formidable petticoat.This undergarment is described as a defensive armament comparable to the Shield of Achilles (see record XVIII of The Iliad), and supported in its function of protecting the maidens chastity by the invisible might of fifty Sylphs. The Sylphs, who are Belindas protectors, are essentially charged to protect her not from ill luck but from too great a success in attracting men. This paradoxical situation dramatizes the contradictory values and motives implied in the eras familiar conventions. In this canto, the intimate allegory of the poem begins to come into pregnant view. The title of the poem already associates the cutting of Belindas hair with a more explicit sexual conquest, and here Pope cultivates that suggestion. He multiplies his sexually metaphorical language for the incident, adding words like ravish and fail to the rape of the title.He also slips in some commentary on the implications of his societys sexual mores, as when he remarks that when success a Lovers toil attends, / few ask, if fraud or force attaind his ends. Whe n Ariel speculates about the possible forms the dire disaster might take, he includes a breach of chastity (Dianas law), the breaking of china (another allusion to the neediness of virginity), and the staining of honor or a gown (the two incommensurate events could happen equally easily and accidentally). He also mentions some pettier social disasters against which the Sylphs are equally prepared to fight, like missing a ball (here, as scrape up as missing prayers) or losing the lapdog. In the Sylphs defensive efforts, Belindas petticoat is the battlefield that requires the most extensive fortifications. This fact furthers the idea that the rape of the lock stands in for a literal rape, or at least represents a threat to her chastity more serious than just the mere theft of a curl.SummaryThe boat arrives at Hampton Court Palace, and the ladies and gentlemen disembark to their well-mannered amusements. After a pleasant round of chatting and gossip, Belinda sits bulge out with two of the men to a game of cards. They play ombre, a threesome-handed game of tricks and trumps, somewhat like bridge, and it is described in terms of a heroic battle the cards are troops combating on the velvet plain of the card-table. Belinda, under the watchful care of the Sylphs, begins favorably. She declares spades as trumps and leads with her highest cards, sure of success. Soon, however, the hand takes a turn for the worsened when to the Baron fate inclines the field he catches her king of clubs with his queen and then leads back with his high diamonds. Belinda is in danger of being beaten, but recovers in the last trick so as to just hardly win back the amount she bid.The next ritual amusement is the serving of coffee. The curling vapors of the piping coffee remind the Baron of his intention to attempt Belindas lock. Clarissa draws out her scissors for his use, as a lady would arm a knight in a romance. Taking up the scissors, he tries three times to clip the lock from beh ind without Belinda seeing. The Sylphs endeavor furiously to intervene, blowing the hair out of harms way and tweaking her diamond earring to make her turn around. Ariel, in a last-minute effort, gains access to her brain, where he is strike to find an earthly lover lurking at her heart. He gives up protecting her then the implication is that she secretly wants to be violated. Finally, the shears close on the curl. A daring sylph jumps in between the blades and is cut in two but being a supernatural creature, he is quickly restored. The deed is done, and the Baron exults while Belindas screams fill the air.CommentaryThis canto is full of classic examples of Popes masterful use of the heroic couplet. In introducing Hampton Court Palace, he describes it as the place where Queen Anne dost sometimes counsel takeand sometimes tea. This line employs a zeugma, a rhetorical device in which a word or phrase modifies two other words or phrases in a parallel construction, but modifies each in a different way or according to a different sense. Here, the modifying word is take it applies to the paralleled terms counsel and tea. But one doesnot take tea in the same way one takes counsel, and the effect of the zeugma is to show the royal residence as a place that houses both serious matters of declare and frivolous social occasions. The reader is asked to contemplate that paradox and to reflect on the relative value and importance of these two different registers of activity. (For another example of this rhetorical technique, see lines 1578 Not louder shrieks to pitying heaven are cast, / when husbands, or when lapdogs breathe their last.)A similar point is made, in a less urge on phrasing, in the second and third verse-paragraphs of this canto. Here, against the gossip and chatter of the young lords and ladies, Pope opens a window onto more serious matters that are occurring meanwhile and elsewhere, including criminal trials and executions, and economic exchange. The ren dering of the card game as a battle constitutes an amusing and deft narrative feat. By parodying the battle scenes of the great epic poems, Pope is suggesting that the energy and passion once applied to brave and serious purposes is now expended on such insignificant trials as games and gambling, which often become a mere front for flirtation.The structure of the three attempts by which the lock is cut is a convention of heroic contends, particularly in the romance genre. The romance is further invoked in the image of Clarissa arming the Baronnot with a real weapon, however, but with a pair of sewing scissors. Belinda is not a real adversary, or course, and Pope makes it plain that her resistanceand, by implication, her subsequent distressis to some degree an affectation. The melodrama of her screams is complemented by the ironic comparison of the Barons feat to the conquest of nations.Belindas unquiet cares and secret passions after the loss of her lock are equal to the emotions of all who have ever cognise rage, resentment and despair. After the disappointed Sylphs withdraw, an earthy gnome called Umbriel flies down to the Cave of Spleen. (The spleen, an organ that removes disease-causing agents from the bloodstream, was traditionally associated with the passions, particularly malaise spleen is a synonym for ill-temper.) In his descent he passes through Belindas bedroom, where she lies prostrate with discomfiture and the headache. She is attended bytwo handmaidens, Ill-Nature and Affectation. Umbriel passes safely through this melancholy chamber, holding a sprig of spleenwort before him as a charm. He addresses the Goddess of Spleen, and returns with a bag of sighs, sobs, and passions and a vial of sorrow, grief, and tears. He unleashes the first bag on Belinda, fueling her ire and despair.There to commiserate with Belinda is her friend Thalestris. (In Greek mythology, Thalestris is the name of one of the Amazons, a race of warrior women who excluded men from their society.) Thalestris delivers a words calculated to further foment Belindas indignation and urge her to avenge herself. She then goes to Sir Plume, her beau, to ask him to demand that the Baron return the hair. Sir Plume makes a weak and slang-filled speech, to which the Baron disdainfully refuses to acquiesce. At this, Umbriel releases the contents of the remaining vial, throwing Belinda into a fit of sorrow and self-pity. With exquisite grief she bemoans her fate, regrets not having heeded the dream-warning, and laments the lonely, pitiful state of her sole remaining curl.CommentaryThe canto opens with a list of examples of rage, resentment, and despair, comparing on an equal footing the pathos of kings imprisoned in battle, of women who become old maids, of evil-doers who die without being saved, and of a woman whose dress is disheveled. By placing such disparate sorts of aggravation in parallel, Pope accentuates the absolute necessity of assigning them to some rank of moral import. The effect is to chastise a social world that fails to make these distinctions. Umbriels journey to the Cave of Spleen mimics the journeys to the underworld made by both Odysseus and Aeneas. Pope uses psychological allegory (for the spleen was the seat of malaise or melancholy), as a way of exploring the sources and nature of Belindas feelings. The presence of Ill-nature and Affectation as handmaidens serves to indicate that her grief is less than pure ( touch or put-on), and that her display of temper has hidden motives. We learn that her sorrow is decorative in much the same way the curl was it gives her the occasion, for example, to wear a new nightdress.The speech of Thalestris invokes a courtly ethic. She encourages Belinda to think about the Barons misdeed as an affront to her honor, and draws on ideals of chivalry indemanding that Sir Plume challenge the Baron in defense of Belindas honor. He makes a muddle of the task, showing how far from courtly behavior this generation of gentlemen has fallen. Sir Plumes speech is riddled with foppish slang and has none of the logical, moral, or oratorical power that a knight should properly wield. This attention to questions of honor returns us to the sexual allegory of the poem. The real danger, Thalestris suggests, is that the ravisher might display the lock and make it a source of public mortification to Belinda and, by association, to her friends. Thus the real question is a superficial onepublic reputationrather than the moral imperative to chastity. Belindas own words at the close of the canto corroborate this suggestion she exclaims, Oh, hadst thou, uncouth been content to seize / Hairs less in voltaic pile, or any hairs but these (The hairs less in sight suggest her pubic hair).Pope is pointing out the degree to which she values outward appearance (whether beauty or reputation) above all else she would rather suffer a breach to her integrity than a breach to her appearance. The Baron rem ains impassive against all the ladies tears and reproaches. Clarissa delivers a speech in which she questions why a society that so adores beauty in women does not also place a value on effective sense and good humour. Women are frequently called angels, she argues, but without reference to the moral qualities of these creatures. Especially since beauty is unavoidably so short-lived, we must have something more substantial and permanent to fall back on. This sensible, moralizing speech falls on deaf ears, however, and Belinda, Thalestris and the rest ignore her and proceed to launch an all-out attack on the offending Baron.A chaotic tussle ensues, with the gnome Umbriel presiding in a posture of self- congratulation. The gentlemen are slain or revived according to the smiles and frowns of the fair ladies. Belinda and the Baron meet in combat and she emerges victorious by peppering him with snuff and drawing her bodkin. Having achieved a position of advantage, she again demands th at he return the lock. But the ringlet has been disconnected in the chaos, and cannot be found. The poet avers that the lock has risen to the heavenly spheres to become a star stargazers may admire it now for all eternity. In this way, the poet reasons, it will attract more envy than it ever could on earth.CommentaryReaders have often interpreted Clarissas speech as the voice of the poetexpressing the moral of the story. Certainly, her orations thesis aligns with Popes professed task of putting the dispute between the two families into a more reasonable perspective. But Popes position achieves more complexity than Clarissas speech, since he has utilise the occasion of the poem as a vehicle to critically address a number of broader social issues as well. And Clarissas righteous stance loses authority in light of the fact that it was she who originally gave the Baron the scissors. Clarissas failure to inspire a reconciliation proves that the quarrel is itself a kind of flirtatious game that all parties are enjoying. The description of the battle has a markedly erotic quality, as ladies and lords wallow in their mock-agonies. Sir Plume draws Clarissa down in a sexual way, and Belinda flies on her foe with flashing eyes and an erotic ardor. When Pope informs us that the Baron fights on unafraid because he sought no more than on his foe to die, the expression means that his goal all along was sexual consummation.This final battle is the culmination of the long sequence of mock-heroic military actions. Pope invokes by name the Roman gods who were most active agent in warfare, and he alludes as well to the Aeneid , comparing the stoic Baron to Aeneas (the Trojan), who had to leave his love to become the founder of Rome. Belindas tossing of the snuff makes a perfect turning point, ideally suited to the exfoliation of this trivial battle. The snuff causes the Baron to sneeze, a comic and decidedly unheroic thing for a hero to do. The bodkin, too, serves nicely her e a bodkin is a decorative hairpin, not the weapon of ancient days (or even of Hamlets time). Still, Pope gives the pin an elaborate history in accordance with the conventions of true epic.The mock-heroic demonstration of the poem is designed to compliment the lady it alludes to (Arabella Fermor), while also giving the poet himself due credit for being the instrument of her immortality. This ending effectively indulges the heroines vanity, even though the poem has functioned throughout as a critique of that vanity. And no real moral development has taken place Belinda is asked to come to terms with her loss through a kind of bribe or distraction that reinforces her basically frivolous outlook. But even in its most mocking moments, this poem is a gentle one, in which Pope shows a basic sympathy with the social world in spite of its folly and foibles. The searing critiques of his later satires would be much more stringent and less forgiving.

Gender Politics and Roles in a Horror Film Essay Example for Free

sexual activity Politics and Roles in a detestation submit EssayGender politics in abomination films ar non altogether that difficult to clutch mainly because they devise a specific post for the various genders. That is the gender politics argon comminuted more than a version on class roles in society. In fact, steady an individual who has a passing interest in execration films can see that the heroes and villains are manful and the victims are preponderantly wo men. This is the common, tried and true cliched method of cranking out horror movies on an assembly line basis. thither are, of course, some excellent horror films that alter the generic methodology of producing horror films that prescribe to a bingle minded of opinions of what are the proper gender roles that are give in horror movies. Often, we see men as the hero and women as either the victim or the hero. In reality, when it comes to gender roles in horror films in that respect re tout ensembley are n o differences because these contrastive roles are based on human interpretations deriving from external opinion in the film itself it is the monster that defines the role and the monster invariably defines the role of all human regardless of gender as devour.When it comes to drive in theater/direct to DVD releases, dependable study is often difficult. Films that are cranked out to cash in on a niche mart are generally not works of art. Those horror films that do rise to a higher take aim of art, however, can provide a brilliant insight into the multitude of variances of gender roles that exist. In examining gender roles in horror films, iodin could split the genre into two halves the pre-ALIEN era and the post-ALIEN era. In the era prior to 1979s edge film ALIEN, the perceived role of women was that of the unwilling victim who wasGender Roles in Horror Films Page 2 menaced by the vampire, werewolf, artificial construct et al and needed a hero to save her. This is referred t o as a perceived eruptance because the role of the fe phallic character was true(a)ly much stronger then that in accredited films. (In the more B grade films the role of the victim was a cardboard one lacking in both depth) With the release of ALIEN, a female character was presented as a strong adversary of the monster. alternatively of needing to be saved, the female heroine defeats the monster quite handily. This would become the more common female role in horror movies.Unfortunately, this more active role would be perverted into the last victim stereotype crafted in the slasher films of the 1980s a role that still exists for many female characters to this really day. Of course, not all female gender roles are heroines or victims. The recent release of SAW III brought back the lesser utilise c at a timept of the female villain. The most famous example could be found in 1932s underrated DRACULAS DAUGHTER. duration the role of the female vampire was effective, there was litt le interest in continuing to use females in horror movie heavy roles.The usage of a female in a horror role was restrict although it was not without precedent. A female werewolf de furthered in lost werewolf film unimaginatively title THE WEREWOLF. (Female werewolves would return in such(prenominal) films as SHE WOLF OF LONDON and CRY OF THE WEREWOLF) But, this picky role was limited. bring forward roles of females in the monster role range from the exploitative (THE VAMPIRE LOVERS) to the downright silly (FRANKENSTEINS DAUGHTER) to the brilliant (THE EXORCIST) opus this particular gender role ofGender Roles in Horror Films Page 3 villainess is limited it is not without precedent and it does occasionally appear. In rare instances, it is done effectively as seen in films such as the aforementioned SAW III and THE DEVILS REJECTS. There are questions that need to be raised in cost of how a womans role vs. a male role in a horror film is devised. While some may look for a profoun d answer to this the real answer is somewhat mundane. That is to say, the roles presented in many of these films are alone reflections of common themes.Consider the following assessment In a knowledge base ordered by sexual imbalance, please in feeling has been split between active/male and peaceable/female. The determining male gaze projects a fantasy onto the female figure, which is styled accordingly. In their tralatitious flasher role women are simultaneously looked at and displayed with their appearance coded for strong visual and erotic impact (Mulvey 203) In other words, the gender roles prevalent in most horror films was simply what the audience had grown modify to expecting.If the audiences of the 1930s sat down in a dark theater in the 1930s and were do by to a female hero in DRACULA or KING KONG the films would have been radically incompatible in their narrative. Audiences generally expected a common role for men and women in horror films and any departure from t hese roles may run the risk of being rejected. Well, they will not be rejected if they are scripted swell up. In the 1976 KING KONG remake, Jessica Langs dopey dialogue to Kong did change her role from the frightened Fay Wray of the original film, but not in a good way.Screaming at the top of your lungs at the sight of a monstrous ape makes sense. Looking at a gigantic amorous Gender Roles in Horror Films Page 4 ape and saying This isnt going to work out is just outright silly. It simply is not the role people expect in a situation of grave terror. But traditional roles do not always exhibit passivity. In a way, Fay Wrays fear and terror is not so much submission or passivity as much as it is obstinate. She rejects Kong and stands up for herself. Her screams are screams of defiance and such defiance throws Kong off his game plan.As such, her role is really not as passive as one would assume. She does stand up to the creature, but unlike Jessica Langes obtuse reaction Wrays reacti on is believable. This is what makes her defiance believable. In a way, gender roles in horror films really more blurred than most would ab initio assume. Consider the following conclusion From its beginning gothic writing entwined culture and economy as well as blurring sexual boundaries and disturbing aesthetic and moral categories. (Botting 135) On the surface, many would be disinclined to ensure with such a statement.After all, what blurring of gender roles are there to be found in a horror film? Prior to ALIEN, the roles of men and women were starkly contrasted. In the post ALIEN world, women take on a more active role. This is hardly blurring. In fact, the roles are fairly obvious and pronounced. Again, this is what might appear to be the fact on the surface because on the surface we are looking at the actual action of the characters. The roles of the characters do not change regardless of the decade the film was produced. That is to say, human being whether they are male or female remain victims in horror films.Gender Roles in Horror Films Page 5 That is, Ripley may be active in ALIEN but she is the prey of the alien no different from the role of Fay Wray in KING KONG. Even in 1942s THE WOLFMAN we can see a variant of this. Consider Evelyn Ankers role in the film her character Gwen is far from a weak female. She is a very independent and strong character. At the films climax, she goes out in the woods by herself looking for her boyfriend even though she knows a werewolf is prowling. Of course, the werewolf attacks her because that is what werewolves do.The werewolf like aliens, vampires and giant monsters only sees humans as prey. The creature often does not see gender roles. The role to the creature is irrelevant beyond visual perception humans as victims. Victims are essentially the repressed regardless of their gender role. What is primal Repression? Let us call it the ability of the speaking being always already haunted by the other, to div ide, reject and repeat. Without one division, one separation one subject/object having been constituted why? Perhaps because of the maternal anguish, unable(p) to be satisfied within the encompassing symbolic. (Kristeva 12) As such, the gender role of the active male or active/passive female never really changes. The role they play is always reactive to the creature and this makes them perfect for the role of a victim. This may seem like a odd way of looking at the roles because it deviates from the commonality of what we are grown to expect in horror films. This is because Cinema is at once a form of perception and a material perceived, a new way of encountering reality Gender Roles in Horror Films Page 6 and a part of reality thereby discovered for the foremost time. (Shaviro 40) That is, one of the benefits to enjoying a film is watching how humans are presented. Even in fantastic films such as the horror genre there is a unique insight into reality present and that particular reality is both the different roles genders play (passive/active) based on human perception and then there is the monsters perception prey. As such, there are different roles and suspicious roles occurring at the same time. As doggy illustrates If she had been taciturn in the street, Anne-Marie was anything but in the privacy of her own kitchen.Gone was the guarded curiosity, to be replaced by a stream of lively chatter and constant scurrying between a half xii minor domestic tasks, like a juggler keeping several states spinning at once. (Barker 74) That is, a singular person can play many roles based on varying perceptions. While there are many different types of horror films, all horror films center on the common theme of piranha and prey. While sometimes there may be variants to the role ( a sympathetic monster, a damage human hero, etc) the end result always returns to the original theme predators seek their prey.Sometimes, the prey is passive and sometimes the prey remain s passive. Of course, prey can be both male and female and, unfortunately, the gender roles of the prey often follow common stereotypes. However, to the classic monster gender roles are irrelevant to the monster all humans are prey and that trumps gender roles completely. This is not to say that there are no nuances found in the various gender roles. But, as far as the creature is concerned all humans are prey no matter how they act or react through the course of the film.Bibliography Barker, Clive. The Forbidde. In IN THE FLESH TALES OF TERROR. New York Poseidon Press, 1986. 67 108. Botting, F. Candy Gothic. In GOTHIC CAMBRIDGE Boydell Brewer, 2001. 133 151. Kristeva, Julia. Powers of Horror A psychoanalyse in Abjection. New York Columbia University Press, 1982. Mulvey, Laura. Visual Pleasure and Narrative cinema. Shaviro, Steven. Film Theory and Visual Fascination. In THE CINEMATIC BODY. Minneapolis University of Minneapolis Press, 1993. 1 65.

Hickory Dickory Dock by Agatha Christie Essay Example for Free

hickory Dickory come in by Agatha Christie EssayHickory Dickory Dock is a work of detective fiction by Agatha Christie and starting time published in the UK by the Collins Crime Club on October 31, 19551 and in the US by Dodd, Mead and Company in November of the same year below the denomination of Hickory Dickory Death23. The UK edition retailed at ex shillings and sixpence (10/6)1 and the US edition at $3.003. It features her Belgian detective Hercule Poirot. The novel is notable for featuring Poirots businesslike secretary, Miss Felicity Lemon, who had previously only appeared in the Poirot short stories. plan introductionAn outbreak of unvarnished kleptomania at a student hostel is not normally the sort of crime that arouses Hercule Poirots interest. But when he sees the bizarre list of stolen and vandalized items including a stethoscope, some set aboutbulbs, some old flannel trousers, a box of chocolates, a slashed rucksack, some boracic powder and a diamond ring l ater found in a bowl of a soup he congratulates the warden, Mrs Hubbard, on a unique and beautiful problem. It is just not long before the crime of theft is the least of Poirots concerns.Explanation of the novels titleThe title is interpreted, as are other of Christies titles, from a nursery rhyme Hickory Dickory Dock. This is nevertheless sensation of her most tenuous links to the original nursery rhyme, consisting of little more than the name of a road.Plot summaryPoirots solution of the petty thefts is unsubtle besides effective once he has menace to call in the police, Celia Austin quickly confesses to the pettier amongst the incidents. She denies specifically stealing Nigel Chapmans green ink and apply it to deface Elizabeth Johnstons work taking the stethoscope, the light bulbs and boracic powder and cutting up and concealment a rucksack. Celia appears to agree committed the lesser thefts in order to attract the attention of Colin McNabb, a psychological science studen t who at first regards her as an interesting case study, and then almost immediately becomes busy to her. Celia makes restitution for the crimes and is seemingly reconciled with her victims, except when she is discovered the following morning dead from an overdose of morphia it does not take the investigators long to see through attempts to make her death seem like suicide. some(prenominal) of the original incidents hold back not been solved by Celias confession. inspector Sharpe quickly solves the mystery of the stolen stethoscope during his interviews with the inhabitants of the hostel. Nigel Chapman admits to having stolen the stethoscope in order to pose as a doctor and steal the morphine tartrate from the hospital dispensary as occasion of a bet to acquire three deadly poisons. He claims that these poisons were then carefully disposed of, but cannot be sure that the morphine was not stolen from him while it was in his possession. Poirot turns his attention to the reappea rance of the diamond ring, and confronts Valerie Hobhouse, in whose soup the ring was found. It seems that the diamond had been replaced with a zircon and, given the fact that it was difficult for anyone but Valerie to have put the ring into the soup, Poirot accuses her of having stolen the diamond.She admits to having done so, saying that she needed the money to pay off gambling debts. She in addition admits to having planted in Celias mind the entire idea of the thefts. Mrs. Nicoletis has been behaving very nervously, as if she were losing her nerve. One dark someone brooks her drunk and kills her. Poirot focuses his attention now on the cutting up of the rucksack. By comparing an congresswoman of the rucksack type destroyed with others, he identifies an unusual corrugated base, and suggests to the police that the rucksack may have been part of a clever international smuggling operation. The rucksacks were sold to innocent students, and then exchanged as a means of transportin g drugs and gems. Mrs. Nicoletis had been bankrolling the organisation, but was not the brain behind it. When the police visited Hickory alley on an unconnected issue, the murderer had cut up the rucksack to avoid its being found and removed light bulbs to avoid being recognised. Patricia Lane comes to Nigel and admits that, in an effort to keep a dangerous poison safe, she has taken the morphine from the bottle in his drawer and substituted for it bicarbonate of soda. Now, however, the bottle of bicarbonate of soda has been taken from her receive drawer.While they are searching for this bottle Patricia mentions that she is intending to write to his father in order to reconcile the two. Nigel tells her that the case for his estrangement from his father is that he discovered that his father had poisoned his mother. This is why he changed his name and carries two passports. Nigel comes to Inspector Sharpe and tells him about the missing morphine, but while he is there, Patricia tel ephones to say that she has discovered something further. By the time that Nigel and Sharpe get to the house, Patricia has been killed by a blow to the head. Mr. Akibombo comes to Sharpe and says that he had taken Patricias bicarbonate to ease a live on complaint when he took a teaspoonful of the bicarbonate, however, he had stomach pains and later discovered that the neat powder was in fact the boracic powder.By the time Patricia had substituted the bicarbonate, the morphine had already been substituted by the stolen boracic powder. Poirot, whose suspicions about Valerie Hobhouses role in the smuggling operation have been proved correct by a police raid on her beauty sleuth, now closes the case. The murderer has been the most obvious person, Nigel Chapman, who was cognize to have the morphine in his possession. He killed Celia because she knew about his dual identity and also knew that Valerie travelled foreign on a false passport. He killed Mrs. Nicoletis because she was sure to give the smuggling operation away under pressure, and killed Patricia because she was likely to draw to his fathers attention the recent events.When Poirot outlines to Nigels fathers poll taker the case against Nigel, the poll taker is able to provide final proof. Nigels mother had been poisoned, not by his father, but by Nigel himself. When the father discovered this he forced him to write a confession and left it with his solicitor together with a letter explaining that it should be produced were there any evidence of further wrongdoing by his son. Valerie confirms Poirots solution further. She has placed the call to the police station, apparently from Patricia, after Nigel had already killed her. The green ink was a double-bluff intended to divert suspicion away from him. Valerie is willing to incriminate Nigel fully because Mrs. Nicoletis was actually her mother.Characters in Hickory Dickory Dock Hercule Poirot, the Belgian detective Inspector Sharpe, the investigating off icer Miss Felicity Lemon, Poirots secretary Mrs. Christina Nicoletis, the owner of the student hostel at Hickory Road Mrs Hubbard, Miss Lemons sister and the warden of Hickory Road George, Poirots valet Celia Austin, chemist in the dispensary at St. Catherines hospital Colin McNabb, a psychology student Nigel Chapman, a History student, a occupier at Hickory Road Valerie Hobhouse, a nonmigratory at Hickory Road and partner in a beauty shop Sally Finch, a student resident at Hickory Road Elizabeth Johnston, a student resident at Hickory Road Patricia Lane, a student resident at Hickory Road Genevieve, a student resident at Hickory Road Leonard Bateson, a student resident at Hickory Road Mr. Chandra Lal, a student resident at Hickory Road Mr. Akibombo, a student resident at Hickory Road Maria, the cook at Hickory Road Geronimo, Marias economize

The Life and Times of William Shakespeare Essay Example for Free

The Life and multiplication of William Shakespeare EssayJohn Whitgift was the bishop of Worcester from 1577 to 1583, when he was translated to the see of Canterbury. Worcester was 21 miles west of Stratford, and the consistory court thither the place where a hymeneals clear, issued to a local parish priest, might be obtained. Whitgifts record for the date November 27, 1582 indicates the issuance of a license for marriage between William Shaxpere and Anne Whateley of Temple Grafton. At the time, Shakespeare would have been 18 years old.I multiply the register entry below in facsimile, from Joseph William Gray, Shakespeares Marriage, Chapman Hall, 1905 followed by the context and literal translation from Cartae Shakespeareanae. Note that this is the entry from the Bishops register, not the license itself, which has not survived. The next day, November 28, 1582, a marriage shackle was entered into by Fulke Sandells and John Rychardson, farmers of Shottery, Anne Hathaways vill age.The purpose of the bond was to indemnify the church in case some later lawful impediment is found to the marriage since the banns were only going to be pronounced formerly, rather than the stipulated three times. The gentlemen in question were friends of the Hathaway family from Shottery, and stood surety for ? 40. In fact, Sandells seems to have been acting as agent for the Hathaway family, performing the duties of father since Richard Hathaway was recently deceased.Sandells had supervised his will, i. e. , acted as trustee, and Rychardson had witnessed it. Richard Hathaway had been married twice. Anne was the firstborn of four children (1556) by his first wife. His first wifes name is unknown, but lived in Temple Grafton. His sustain wife was named Joan who died about 1600. Richard Hathaway died in September, 1581. The bond clearly describes intended marriage between William Shakespeare and Anne Hathaway of Stratford.I reproduce it in transcript below, from the Cartae Shake speareanae, the beginning paragraph in Latin simply states the parties, amounts, date, and officers of the diocese acting as witnesses Noverint universi per praesentes nos Fulconem Sandells de Stratford in comitatu Warwici agricolam et Johannem Rychardson ibidem agricolam, teneri et firmiter obligari Ricardo Cosin generoso et Roberto Warmstry notariopublico in quadraginta libris bonae et legalis monetae Angliae solvend.Eisdem Ricardo et Roberto haered. execut. et assignat. suis ad quam quidem solucionem bene et fideliter faciend. obligamus nos et utrumque nostrum per se pro toto et in solid. haered. executor. et administrator, nostros firmiter per praesentes. sigillis nostris sigillat. Dat 28 die Novem. Anno regni dominae nostrae Eliz. Dei gratia Angliae Franc. at Hiberniae Regime fidei defensor c. 25.The condicion of this obligacion ys suche that if herafter there shall not appere any lawfull lett or impediment by priming coat of any precontract, consanguitie, affinitie or by any other lawfull meanes whatsoever, but thatWillm Shagspere one thone partie and Anne Hathwey of Stratford in the dioces of Worcester, maiden, may legally solemnize matrimony together, and in the same afterwardes remaine and continew like man and wiffe according unto the lawes in that behalf provided And moreover if there be not at this present time any action sute quarrell or demaund moved or depending before any judge ecclesiasticall or temporall for and concerning any such lawfull lett or impediment and moreover if the tell Willm do not proceed to solemnization of mariadg with the verbalise Anne Hathwey without the consent of hir frindes.And also if the said Willm do upon his owne halal costes and expenses defend and save harmles the right reverend Father in God Lord John Bishop of Worcester and his offycers for licencing them the said Willm and Anne to be maried together with once asking of the bannes of matrimony betwene them and for all other causes which may ensue by reason or occasion therof that then the said obligacion to be void and of none effect or els to stand and abide in full force and vertue.The bond is signed with the marks of Sandells and Rychardson, who are set forth as being de Stratford but were actually from Shottery. I reproduce the marks below, from Halliwell-Phillipps The Life of William Shakespeare, p. 112 The chancellor of the diocesan consistory court was Richard Cosin (Ricardo Cosin) assisted by registrar Robert Warmstry (Roberto Warmstry). The effect of the bond was that the marriage might proceed with once asking of the bannes, as noted above, rather than asking the banns on three succeeding weeks.